Pyrolysis | Basic Principles, Types, and Uses
Pyrolysis | Basic Principles, Types and Uses

Introduction Pyrolysis is a process that breaks down organic material at temperatures between 400 °C and 900 °C without oxygen. This process produces various chemicals from wood, some of which…

Layout of Substations | Types, Advantages, and Applications
Layout of Substations | Types, Advantages and Applications

Introduction A substation is a crucial part of an electrical supply system that helps transfer high-voltage electricity from power plants to local areas where it is needed. The voltage might…

Load Flow Studies | Types, Challenges, and Techniques
Load Flow Studies | Types, Challenges and Techniques

Load Flow Studies Load flow studies are crucial for system planning and operation. They help assess system performance and operations under specific conditions. Power systems are complex and have nonlinear…

TCSC Operation, Analysis, and Control
TCSC | Operation, Analysis, and Control

TCSC A Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is a series FACTS device used as a capacitive reactance compensator. It offers effective solutions because the thyristor allows flexible control. The TCSC…

Harmonics | General, Interactions, and Filters
Harmonics | General, Interactions, and Filters

General The harmonics in an SVC are generated by the TCR. Neither TSC nor TSR (Thyristor-Switched Reactor) generate harmonics. The current harmonics generated by TCR can be classified into two…

Distribution Automation | Introduction, Benefits, and Applications
Distribution Automation | Introduction, Benefits, and Applications

Introduction Distribution Automation (DA) is a collection of technologies like sensors, processors, communication networks, and switches that help utilities collect, automate, analyze, and optimize data. This improves the efficiency of…

MTDC | Introduction, Potential Applications, and Types
MTDC | Introduction, Potential Applications, and Types

Introduction HVDC transmission systems designed and operated so far are point-to-point systems with two terminals (converter stations). A multiterminal DC (MTDC) system has more than two converter stations, some operating…

Harmonics | Introduction, Generation, and Non - Characteristics
Harmonics | Introduction, Generation, and Non – Characteristics

Introduction HVDC converters introduce both AC and DC harmonics which are injected into the AC system and DC line respectively. There are several problems associated with the injection of harmonics…

Smoothing Reactor and DC Line | Transient overvoltages, Protection, and Effects
Smoothing Reactor and DC Line | Transient overvoltages, Protection, and Effects

Introduction The smoothing reactor is connected before the DC filter and in series with the converters. Apart from smoothing the direct current, it also serves as a buffer between the…

DC Breakers | Characteristics, Types, and Applications
DC Breakers | Characteristics, Types, and Applications

Introduction The development of HVDC circuit breakers has been underway for some time in the late eighties, and a 500 kV breaker with current interrupting capability up to 4000A, has…

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