Filter | Single, Double, and Triple Tuned Filters
Design of a Single-Tuned Filter The single-tuned filters are designed to filter out (usually) characteristic harmonies of a single frequency. The equivalent circuit seen by the harmonic current Ih generated…
MTDC | Introduction, Potential Applications, and Types
Introduction HVDC transmission systems designed and operated so far are point-to-point systems with two terminals (converter stations). A multiterminal DC (MTDC) system has more than two converter stations, some operating…
DC Filters | Criteria, Carrier Frequency, and RI Noise
Criteria of Design The harmonics in the DC voltage across the converter contain characteristic and non-characteristic orders. These harmonics result in current harmonics in DC lines and cause noise in…
Harmonics | Introduction, Generation, and Non – Characteristics
Introduction HVDC converters introduce both AC and DC harmonics which are injected into the AC system and DC line respectively. There are several problems associated with the injection of harmonics…
Reactive Power Control | Requirement, Sources, and Transients
Introduction The converters in conventional HVDC power stations are line-commutated, which implies that the current initiation in the valve can only be delayed concerning the zero crossing of the converter…
Smoothing Reactor and DC Line | Transient overvoltages, Protection, and Effects
Introduction The smoothing reactor is connected before the DC filter and in series with the converters. Apart from smoothing the direct current, it also serves as a buffer between the…
DC Breakers | Characteristics, Types, and Applications
Introduction The development of HVDC circuit breakers has been underway for some time in the late eighties, and a 500 kV breaker with current interrupting capability up to 4000A, has…
Comparators | Definition, Types of Comparators
Introduction A relay detects the change between normal and abnormal conditions by comparing two electrical vector quantities, both of which are derived from the system voltages and currents at a…
Static Relays I Basis, Classification, and Components
Introduction A static protective relay refers to a relay in which the measurement or comparison of electrical quantities is done in a static network which is designed to give an…
Instrument Transformer | Introduction, Types, and Need
Introduction Instrument transformers are like magic glasses for electrical systems. They help us measure things like voltage and current accurately, even though these things can be super high and tricky…
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