Reactive Power Control | Requirement, Sources, and Transients
Reactive Power Control | Requirement, Sources, and Transients

Introduction The converters in conventional HVDC power stations are line-commutated, which implies that the current initiation in the valve can only be delayed concerning the zero crossing of the converter…

Smoothing Reactor and DC Line | Transient overvoltages, Protection, and Effects
Smoothing Reactor and DC Line | Transient overvoltages, Protection, and Effects

Introduction The smoothing reactor is connected before the DC filter and in series with the converters. Apart from smoothing the direct current, it also serves as a buffer between the…

DC Breakers | Characteristics, Types, and Applications
DC Breakers | Characteristics, Types, and Applications

Introduction The development of HVDC circuit breakers has been underway for some time in the late eighties, and a 500 kV breaker with current interrupting capability up to 4000A, has…

Comparators | Definition, Types of Comparators
Comparators | Definition, Types of Comparators

Introduction A relay detects the change between normal and abnormal conditions by comparing two electrical vector quantities, both of which are derived from the system voltages and currents at a…

Static Relays I Basis, Classification, and Components
Static Relays I Basis, Classification, and Components

Introduction A static protective relay refers to a relay in which the measurement or comparison of electrical quantities is done in a static network which is designed to give an…

Static Relay | Components, Working, Types, and Applications
Static Relay | Components, Working, Types, and Applications

Introduction The solid-state relay, also known as a static relay, was introduced back in 1960. Unlike traditional relays, it doesn't have any moving parts. This makes it more durable and…

Instrument Transformer Introduction, Types, and Need
Instrument Transformer | Introduction, Types, and Need

Introduction Instrument transformers are like magic glasses for electrical systems. They help us measure things like voltage and current accurately, even though these things can be super high and tricky…

Potential Transformer | Construction, Working, and Errors
Potential Transformer | Construction, Working, and Errors

Introduction Transformers are devices that help transfer electrical power from one circuit to another. They have coils of wire that are connected magnetically. Power transformers are used in power lines…

Capacitive Voltage Transformer | Working, Characteristics, and Applications
Capacitive Voltage Transformer | Working, Characteristics, and Applications

Introduction A Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT) is an essential component in power systems. It accurately measures high voltages by exploiting the capacitive division principle. Unlike traditional transformers, CVTs are lighter,…

Types of Controller I, D, PD, P, PI, PID Control
Types of Controller | I, D, PD, P, PI, PID Control

Introduction A controller is like the boss of a control system. It's responsible for keeping everything running smoothly. Think of driving a car and wanting to stay at a certain…

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